Researchers led by a team from Baylor College of Medicine say that a protein naturally produced in the body has been found to suppress breast cancer metastasis in animal models of human tumors, according to a research study (“The RNA-binding protein AKAP8 suppresses tumor metastasis by antagonizing EMT-associated alternative splicing”). The team also found that high levels of this protein, AKAP8, predicts a better survival for breast cancer patients. The findings, which appear in Nature Communications, show that AKAP8 inhibits metastasis by interfering with the production of proteins that promote metastatic behavior in cells and suggest strategies that may help treat metastatic cancer in the future.
“Our laboratory investigates cellular mechanisms that regulate breast cancer metastasis. In a previous study we provided the first evidence that alternative splicing, a cellular process that enables cells to switch between different forms of the same protein, can functionally control tumor metastasis,” said corresponding author Chonghui Cheng, MD, PhD, associate professor of molecular and human genetics and of molecular and cellular biology, at the Lester and Sue Smith Breast Center, Baylor College.
In that pioneering study that brought alternative splicing to the field of cancer research, Cheng and her colleagues showed that of the two distinct forms of the protein CD44 that can be produced by alternative splicing, named CD44s and CD44v, only the former contributed to cancer cell survival. These findings have been confirmed by other reports about breast cancer and also other types of cancer.
In the current study, the researchers further investigated how alternative splicing contributes to cancer metastasis by looking for proteins that regulate alternative splicing events linked to metastasis.
“Alternative splicing has been shown to causally contribute to the epithelial–mesenchymal transition (EMT) and tumor metastasis. However, the scope of splicing factors that govern alternative splicing in these processes remains largely unexplored. Here we report the identification of A-Kinase Anchor Protein (AKAP8) as a splicing regulatory factor that impedes EMT and breast cancer metastasis. AKAP8 not only is capable of inhibiting splicing activity of the EMT-promoting splicing regulator hnRNPM through protein–protein interaction, it also directly binds to RNA and alters splicing outcomes,” the investigators wrote.
Cheng and her colleagues screened cells looking for proteins functioning as alternative splicing modulators that prevented cells from becoming metastatic. They identified a set of proteins that were potentially key for tumor metastasis regulation and focused on AKAP8.
“We studied AKAP8 in metastatic breast cancer animal model systems of cancer cells from human patients,” Cheng said. “We found that depletion of the AKAP8 protein in patient cancer cells promoted breast cancer metastasis in these mouse models. Furthermore, providing an external source of AKAP8 inhibited metastasis.”
Taking it all together, the results support AKAP8 as an important regulator of alternative splicing events linked to tumor metastasis. It is not only able to predict metastatic breast cancer outcomes in patients, but also can inhibit metastatic breast cancer progression in animal models.
Cheng and her colleagues continued their investigations to determine how AKAP8 mediated its metastasis-suppressing effects. They discovered that, in addition to modulating alternative splicing of CD44, AKAP8 also regulated the alternative splicing of another protein called CLSTN1. In this case, of the two forms of CLSTN1, named CLSTN1S and CLSTN1L, AKAP8 tipped the balance toward the production of the former, which was associated with preventing cells from progressing toward a metastatic state. This was a previously unknown function of CLSTN1.
“We think that modulators of alternative splicing participate in a delicate balancing act of many different cellular proteins, such as CD44 and CLSTN1. Two types of modulators play a part in keeping the balance. One type, like AKAP8, modulates alternative splicing toward the production of proteins that help cells remain in a normal state. The other type tips the balance toward proteins that promote metastatic transformation,” Cheng said. “If the balance is disturbed, tumor progression can be promoted. By investigating how the balance is kept and the factors that disturb the balance, we hope to understand a new layer of regulation of tumor metastasis and gain insights that could lead to treatments for metastatic cancer, a deadly disease.”
