Many previously unreported NFKB1 variants have been found in patients with immune system related illnesses in a study by researchers from the Institute of Biotechnology, University of Helsinki, and other international clinicians. The Helsinki researchers are pioneers in identifying mutations on the NFkB1-gene. The new report was featured in Frontiers in Immunology.
Most of the currently known pathogenic NFKB1 (Nuclear factor kappa B subunit 1) variants comprise defects such as severe truncations, internal deletions, and frameshift variants. Collectively, these represent the most frequent monogenic cause of common variable immunodeficiency (CVID) identified so far.
NFKB1 encodes the transcription factor precursor p105, which undergoes limited proteasomal processing to generate the mature NF-κB subunit p50. Whereas p105/p50 haploinsufficiency is a well-known disease mechanism, which causes devastating genetic damages, the pathogenic significance of numerous NFKB1 missense variants still remains uncertain, due to the unavailability of accurate test procedures to confirm causality.
In many cases, these researchers say, the identification of a genetic defect in a patient is of great importance for the treatment and prognosis of patients with rare diseases. NFKB1, a transcription factor, causes changes in gene expression and is activated by stress and immune related signaling pathways. Mutations in the NFkB1 have previously been linked to common variable immune deficiency (CVID).
“These studies have significantly expanded the associations of NFKB1 variants to immune system dysfunction—the connections which we first reported in 2017,” says research director Markku Varjosalo from the Institute of Biotechnology, University of Helsinki.
One set of researchers identified two new NFKB1 variants in two families suffering from common variable immune deficiency. They identified NFKB1 variants that caused reduced expression of the NFKB1 protein and lead to an altered gene expression and increased inflammation response in patient cells. Interaction analysis again showed loss of interactions for one of the variants but not the other.
Another group of researchers studied a cohort of 47 NFKB1 mutations previously reported in patients, out of which 25 did not appear to behave differently from wild type NFKB1. The other 22 mutations were found to have adverse effects on NFKB1 which ranged from increased NFKB1 protein degradation, reduced DNA binding of NFKB1 to overall reduced NFKB1 function through altered protein structure: This may hint towards their likely pathogenicity. Analysis of NFKB1 variant protein interactions showed varied effects from loss of interaction with NFKB family proteins to some variants interactions appearing similar to wild type NFKB1.
“These projects are excellent examples of fruitful international multidisciplinary research collaborations between the University of Helsinki and the leading clinical research hospitals and centers in Europe. Our findings significantly deepen the understanding of the molecular mechanisms underlying NFKB1, and other autoinflammatory and autoimmune diseases associated with altered NFkB1 expression or function,” says Varjosalo.
“Also, our results yet again suggest that targeted inhibition of certain key NFkB signaling pathway components is an attractive therapeutic approach for treating these diseases which could be collectively paraphrased as diseases of NF-kB signaling.”
