Scientists have linked a protein complex, GEMIN5, that controls RNA metabolism in neurons to a rare disease for the first time. An international group led by researchers at UPMC Children’s Hospital of Pittsburgh found a mutation in this gene is associated with a neurological disorder marked by developmental delay and loss of coordination, or ataxia.
GEMIN5 is one of the key building blocks of a protein complex that controls RNA metabolism in neurons. No mutations in this gene were previously linked to any genetic disease. However, defects in RNA-mediated gene expression control are a hallmark of several human disorders.
“It’s just like building a house,” said senior author Udai Pandey, PhD, associate professor of pediatrics, human genetics and neurology at the University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine. “You take out the most important brick at the base and the whole building falls apart.”
The study was published last week in Nature Communications.
GEMIN5 is part of a protein complex that regulates a slew of important cellular processes, including development of specialized outgrowths from dendrites and axons. Interestingly, mutations in another key protein of the complex, survival motor neuron protein, cause a different devastating disorder—spinal muscular atrophy.
The UPMC researchers started by contacting pediatricians, geneticists and neurologists from all over the globe for patients, eventually collecting data from 30 families in 12 countries. It’s not possible to isolate live neurons from human subjects, so instead the researchers collected blood samples from pediatric patients referred to neurogenetic clinics with developmental delay, hypotonia, and cerebellar ataxia of unknown cause. The blood samples were then processed to isolate cells that, with careful tinkering in the lab, were reprogrammed into neurons.
After comparing genetic material of reprogrammed neurons from sick children with that of unaffected relatives, scientists linked neurologic manifestations of the disease to 26 mutations in the GEMIN5 gene that cause damage to the structure of the protein.
“Children came into the clinic with non-specific symptoms, such as developmental delay and abnormal gait. Their doctors ran all the possible tests, including assessing a child’s metabolic function, to no avail–their conditions had no easy explanation,” said Deepa Rajan, MD., assistant professor of pediatrics, Pitt School of Medicine, neurologist at UPMC Children’s Hospital and a co-first author of the study. “It was not until we did an extensive genome analysis that we found that these patients had mutations in the GEMIN5 gene.”
The researchers identified 30 variants in GEMIN5, four of which were presumed loss-of-function (family 10, 15, 17, and 20), along with 22 missense variants. All the variants are evolutionary conserved residues across various species and are currently rare, or absent in gnomAD.
Additional experiments linked damage to GEMIN5 protein to disease manifestations more definitively. Scientists found that depleting an analog of human neuronal GEMIN5 protein in fruit flies was deadly if it happened in early stages of the fly’s life cycle, or drastically delayed its development if such disruption happened later.
“We are hopeful that because of our study, neurologists will now consider testing for GEMIN5 mutations and that labs will include GEMIN5 in their testing for ataxic disorders. Genetic diseases are challenging to identify and treat, but if we find a cure, it will make a massive difference in someone’s life,” said Pandey.
“Many genetic disorders seem individually rare, but collectively they are relatively common,” added Rajan, who also is director of the Neurogenetics Clinic at UPMC Children’s Hospital. “We now are able to harness next-generation technology to help diagnose previously undiagnosed children, and each new gene discovery is the start of the journey to understanding each of these diseases better.”
